Luhrs, Cecilia, and Lewis McAnally-Salas. "Collaboration Levels in Asynchronous Discussion Forums: a Social Network Analysis Approach." Journal of Interactive Online Learning 14.1 (2016).

This study explores how Social Network Analysis (SNA) methods can be used to design a collaboration index to assess levels of collaboration in online and hybrid higher education courses. The research demonstrates that the collaboration index effectively identifies different levels of collaboration within asynchronous discussion forums, addressing the unclear definition of high-level collaboration in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning literature.