Al Hariri, Youssef, Walid Magdy, and Maria K. Wolters. "Atheists versus theists: religious polarisation in arab online communities." Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 5.CSCW2 (2021): 1-28.

This study explores polarization among theist and atheist groups on Arab Twitter, identifying four distinct user categories: Atheists, Theists, Rationalists, and Tanweeri. Through network analysis, the study reveals between four and seven sub-communities, showcasing the complex socio-cultural landscape of religious discourse. While polarization exists, Rationalist and Tanweeri accounts serve as bridges between opposing sides, with notable distinctions in engagement between Arab and Western atheist accounts.