Hung, David, et al. "Leveraging online communities in fostering adaptive schools." International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 3 (2008): 373-386.

This paper advocates for the transformation of schools to adapt to the demands of the twenty-first century's knowledge-based economy, emphasizing the need for skills and dispositions not traditionally focused on in formal education. It introduces the concept of para-communities, like online communities, as potential leverage points for creating adaptive learning environments. Through a critical analysis, the paper discusses the differences between para-communities and traditional school systems, arguing that they serve distinct goals and meet different societal and economic demands. The conclusion suggests that while both are important, they should remain separate to effectively achieve their respective objectives.