Sockett, Geoffrey, and Denyze Toffoli. "Beyond learner autonomy: A dynamic systems view of the informal learning of English in virtual online communities." ReCALL 24.2 (2012): 138-151.

This article explores the informal learning of English by non-native speakers through the use of virtual communities and the Internet. It delves into concepts such as incidental learning and dynamic systems theory, examining how individuals engage with English outside formal educational settings, particularly through social networking websites. By tracking a small group of non-native English users over two months, the study assesses the impact of these online interactions on language acquisition and questions the relevance of the learner autonomy paradigm that has significantly influenced European language learning policies for decades.