Soper, J. Christopher (2001). "Tribal Instinct and Religious Persecution: Why Do Western European States Behave So Badly?". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. Microsoft: Microsoft Academic. 40 (2): 177–180. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00048

In "Tribal Instinct and Religious Persecution: Why Do Western European States Behave So Badly?," J. Christopher Soper examines the role of tribalism in religious persecution in Western Europe. The article argues that tribalism is a major factor in the persecution of religious minorities, and explores the ways in which tribal instincts can lead to intolerance and violence. The article suggests that greater understanding of the psychological and social factors underlying tribalism can help to promote greater tolerance and respect for diversity.