Swan, Karen, et al. "Validating a measurement tool of presence in online communities of inquiry." (2008): 1-12.

This article focuses on the development and validation of a measurement tool designed for assessing the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework in online educational environments. The CoI framework, central to understanding the dynamics of online learning communities, is built on three core elements: social presence, teaching presence, and cognitive presence. The research involved testing a 34-item instrument across four institutions during the summer of 2007. The findings not only provide insights into the instrument's reliability and validity but also discuss the implications for future application of both the CoI survey and the framework in enhancing the effectiveness of online learning.