Tu (2002) explores the concept of social presence in online learning environments, which refers to the degree to which learners feel connected to other learners and instructors. The author discusses different dimensions of social presence such as affective, interactive, and cohesive, and proposes a measurement scale for assessing social presence. The study also examines the relationship between social presence and learning outcomes, finding that higher social presence leads to increased learner satisfaction and engagement.
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Tu, Chih-Hsiung (2002). "The measurement of social presence in an online learning environment". International Journal on E-learning. April–June: 34–45.
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